In this guide, we discuss the world’s uranium resources and reserves.
We outline how much we might have left (both on land and in the ocean), whether we might run out and when, what might happen if we do, and more.
Summary – The World’s Uranium Resources
The Different Uses Of Uranium Across Society, & Why It’s Important
Uranium’s main use in society right now might be for energy generation and electricity production
We list the other uses for uranium across society in the guide below
Where Is Uranium Found?
Most of the uranium we use is mined from rocks – this is where our primary supply comes from
However, there are other sources where uranium is found too
We list these other sources below
How Much Uranium Is Left In The World? – Resources, & Reserves
There’s currently more uranium resources than reserves
Further exploration and discovery of uranium could increase both resources and reserves in the future
Uranium reserves are also available at different prices – the more consumers are willing to pay, the more uranium can be extracted
In addition to primary uranium resources, unconventional uranium resources also exist, whereby uranium is mined as a by-product of the mining of other metals and minerals
Also, in addition to uranium on land, there’s a significant amount of uranium in the ocean in trace amounts
However, trace uranium in the ocean is currently not economically feasible to extract
Ultimately, due to various factors that are difficult to definitively measure, estimating how much uranium is left might possess some level of uncertainty
Countries With The Largest Uranium Mine Reserves
Uranium reserves can be categorised by their recovery cost
Kazakhstan has the largest recoverable reserves at a lower recovery cost
Australia has the largest recoverable reserves at higher recovery costs
Most Common Uranium Production Methods
In situ leach, and underground and open pit mining might be the most common uranium mining methods at the moment
Total Global Uranium Mine Production
Total global uranium production ranged from 47,731 to 63,207 tonnes U between the years 2011 to 2020
Countries That Produce The Most Uranium
Kazakhstan currently produces the most uranium from mines
Total Global Uranium Demand
One report indicates the current annual global uranium demand is currently about 67,000 tonnes U
Are We Running Out Of Uranium, & Will We Run Out Of Uranium In The Future?
It doesn’t appear as though we will run out of uranium in the short term.
However, whether uranium resources and reserves start getting depleted beyond a critical level in the medium to long term depends on different factors
We list some different factors in the guide below
We also mention a range of solutions, methods and technologies that may have the potential to significant increase useable uranium supplies into the future
It’s also worth noting that there’s a difference between running out of uranium on a worldwide level, and an individual country running out of uranium.
Some countries may have much larger domestic supplies of uranium left than others, and therefore may have better access to uranium that other countries that don’t
When Will We Run Out Of Uranium? … How Many Years Worth Of Uranium Do We Have Left?
We include some estimates as potential answers (but not definitive answers) to this question in the guide below
For uranium that comes from land, global estimates range from 80 years up to 230 years at today’s consumption rate
However, further exploration of uranium could add to these estimates
Additionally, when taking into consideration trace uranium in the ocean, estimates go as high as thousands of years
New reactor technology, processes, and practices could also help extend supplies in various ways, such as using uranium for power generation more efficiently (or converting it more efficiently), just as one example
Uranium Shortages
Different reports have different analysis’ on uranium shortages.
We’ve listed and broken down a couple of different reports that have differing information on uranium shortages in the guide below
What Happens If We Start Running Out Of Uranium?
Factors like availability of uranium and also the price of uranium may start to be impacted more heavily
Managing Uranium Resources More Sustainably
We outline some of the ways uranium might be managed more sustainably as a resource in the guide below
What Uranium Is Used For Across Society, & Why It’s Important
The main use for uranium across society at the moment is for energy and electricity generation, specifically for fuel at nuclear reactors
From world-nuclear.org: ‘The vast majority [of uranium] is consumed by the power sector [and … ] used almost entirely for making electricity’
From zeusresources.com: ‘[Uranium provides] about 14% of the world’s electricity’
Other uses for uranium, other than for electricity generation, include but aren’t limited to:
– Medicine
For producing isotopes for medical or research purposes
– Defence
Used in marine propulsion, especially naval
Has also been used in nuclear weapons
– Food processing
Radio-isotopes are used to sterilize fresh products
– Industry
Radio-isotopes are used for industrial X-ray requirements across a range of industries for safety and quality
– Space industry
Radio-isoptopes are used to produce heat and electricity for space probes
Where Is Uranium Found?
Primary supplies of uranium might be found in rocks, which we extract via mining
This uranium might account for the vast amount of society’s total requirements
However, there’s also:
Secondary sources and supplies of uranium
Uranium found in the ocean/seawater
Undiscovered uranium resources that might be in unexplored areas
Some more information on the different sources and supplies of uranium in the world …
– In rocks, and from mining
Uranium resources from rock are mined via in situ leach, and underground and open pit mining.
But, uranium is also produced as a by-product of mining other metals, and these resources are known as ‘unconventional resources’)
These primary supplies of uranium ‘… provide about 85% of total requirements’ (world-nuclear.org)
– Secondary sources and supplies or uranium
There’s a range of secondary sources of uranium
world-nuclear.org lists some of these secondary sources of uranium:
… secondary sources [include] commercial [and government and utility] stockpiles, nuclear weapons stockpiles, recycled plutonium and uranium from reprocessing used fuel, and some from re-enrichment of depleted uranium tails (left over from original enrichment) … [which can be] re-enriched with more efficient processes.
A significant secondary supply of uranium is provided by the decommissioning of nuclear warheads by the USA and Russia.
– Seawater
Uranium in seawater is found in very low concentrations (in terms of ppm) compared to uranium ores found on land
This is why large amounts of seawater are needed to recover reasonable amounts of uranium from the ocean
This low concentration can make it far less economically feasible to extract uranium from the sea.
One way to recover uranium in seawater is with a specially designed yarn to extract natural trace amounts of uranium.
From phys.org:
Uranium is most often mined from the Earth’s crust, but it can also be extracted from seawater, which contains large quantities of uranium (3.3 ppb, or 4.6 trillion kg).
– Unexplored areas containing undiscovered uranium resources
There might be a range of countries and regions that have undiscovered uranium reserves
For example, wikipedia.org mentions:
‘… much of Canada, Greenland, Siberia and Antarctica are currently unexplored due to permafrost and may hold substantial undiscovered reserves’
How Much Uranium Is Left In The World? – Resources, & Reserves
Although some reports identify there are several Mt of uranium resources left in the world, other reports indicate that that total resource are not known exactly
There appears to be a significant amount more uranium resources than uranium reserves in the world
And, it appears that further exploration and discovery could increase the reported amount of uranium resources
Available uranium reserves can also increase or decrease depending on the price that is paid to extract these reserves (the higher the price, the more that is available to recover)
In addition to primary sources of uranium, unconventional uranium resources are available, where uranium is mined as a by-product of mining other metals
At the moment, uranium in the ocean is not economically feasible to extract.
However, there appears to be a lot more uranium in the ocean (in very low concentration amounts) than on land
Total Resources
world-nuclear.org provides an estimate of the uranium resources left, but also indicates that the exact amount left may not exactly be known
From world-nuclear.org:
The world’s present measured resources of uranium [are] 6.1 Mt …
[But] Total world resources of uranium, as with any other mineral or metal, [may also not exactly be known]
Identified vs Undiscovered Resources
Separate to total resources, there’s identified resources, and undiscovered resources
There might be far more total resources available when undiscovered resources are taken into account and added to identified resources
According to the NEA, [in 2009] identified uranium resources total 5.5 million metric tons, and an additional 10.5 million metric tons remain undiscovered [but] Further exploration and improvements in extraction technology are likely to at least double this estimate over time (scientificamerican.com)
Identified Resources Recoverable At Different Costs/Prices
The amount of identified recoverable uranium left may differ depending on the cost/price paid to recover the uranium
The higher the cost paid to extract recover uranium, the more that might be able to be recovered and used
world-nuclear.org has 2019 data on two set of recoverable uranium resources
They indicate there’s 6,147,800 tonnes U of identified resources recoverable (reasonably assured resources plus inferred resources), to $130/kg U.
However, ‘The total recoverable identified resources to $260/kg U is 8.070 million tonnes U.’
Unconventional Uranium Resources
Separate to conventional uranium resources, there’s also unconventional uranium resources
There might be far more uranium resources left when considering unconventional uranium resources
world-nuclear.org provides an explanation of unconventional uranium resources, and the % of uranium production they may have historically made up
world-nuclear.org outlines the different sources of unconventional uranium resources:
The main unconventional resource for uranium is rock phosphate, or phosphorite.
Rare earth element (REE) deposits are another such unconventional resource …
Black (Alum) shales are another unconventional resource with some attempts being made to exploit them.
[Rock phosphate and REE deposits are usually not economically profitable to extract uranium from, but higher prices and process improvements could change that in the future]
Also from world-nuclear.org:
[In addition to the measured 6.1 Mt of uranium …] there’s also uranium in ‘unconventional resources’ [mined as a] by-product of mining of other metals … [and these] unconventional resources … have accounted for over 11% of historical uranium production
Reserves Recoverable At Different Costs/Prices
Similar to total resources, total reserves recoverable might vary depending on the cost/price that is paid to recover the uranium
wikipedia.org provides information on total reserves recoverable at different price points:
As of 2015 646,900 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at US$40 per kilogram of uranium, while 7,641,600 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at $260 per kilogram
Uranium In The Ocean
The amount of uranium in the ocean might far exceed the amount on land
[It is estimated] there is at least 4 billion tonnes of uranium in … the ocean, which is around 500 times the amount known to exist in land-based ore (sciencealert.com)
Uranium Deposits & Traces, & The Concentration Of Uranium They Contain
Different uranium deposits and traces of uranium contain different grades of ores and different concentrations of uranium (in ppm), from very high to very low concentrations.
world-nuclear.org has a table that shows the concentration ppm of the different ores and sources or uranium.
Seawater for example has the lowest concentration of uranium.
Countries With The Largest Uranium Reserves
There’s three sets of data we’ve analysed that show the countries with the largest uranium reserves.
One set of data only includes uranium that is recoverable at a cost of less than 80 U.S. dollars per kilogram, and indicates Kazakstan has the largest uranium reserves
The next set of data includes uranium recoverable at a cost range of less than $130/kg, and indicates Australia has the largest recoverable uranium resources
The next set of data includes uranium recoverable at a cost range of less than US$260/kg, and indicates Australia has the largest uranium reserves
So, the price/cost paid to recover uranium matters when considering how reserves translate to recovering and using that uranium
Reserves Recoverable At Less Than 80 U.S. Dollars Per Kilogram
From statista.com:
[When taking into account uranium that is recoverable at a cost of less than 80 U.S. dollars per kilogram, the country with the largest uranium reserves in 2020 was Kazakhstan at 344,000 metric tons]
[Canada was second at 258,000, South Africa third at 166,000, and Brazil fourth at 156,000]
Resources Recoverable At A Cost Range Of Less Than $130/kg
From world-nuclear.org:
[In 2019, the country with the largest identified resources recoverable (reasonably assured resources plus inferred resources), to $130/kg, was Australia, at 1,692,700 tonnes U. This was 28% of the world’s identified resources recoverable]
[Second was Kazakhstan at 906,800 and 15%, and third was Canada at 564,900 and 9%]
Reserves Recoverable At A Cost Range Of Less Than US$260/kg
From wikipedia.org:
[When taking into account uranium recoverable at a cost range of less than US$260/kg, the country with the largest uranium reserves in 2015 was Australia at 1,780,800 metric tonnes]
[Kazakhstan was second at 941,600, and Canada third at 703,600]
How Is Most Uranium Produced?
Most uranium might be produced via in situ leach mining right now, following by underground and open pit
world-nuclear.org indicates that in situ leach is the leading mining method for uranium (at 55%), followed by underground and open pit (38%), and by-product mining in third (7%).
Total Global Uranium Production
From world-nuclear.org:
[In 2020, total world uranium production was 47,731 tonnes U, and 56,287 U3O8]
[Total world uranium production from 2011 to 2019 has generally ranged from 53,493 tonnes U, to 63,207]
Countries That Produce The Most Uranium
Kazakhstan produces the most uranium from mines, and three countries might be responsible for most of the world’s production of uranium from mines
From world-nuclear.org:
Over two-thirds of the world’s production of uranium from mines is from Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia
[In 2020, the country that produced the most uranium from mines was Kazakhstan at 19,477 tonnes U]
[Australia was second at 6203, and Namibia third at 5413]
[However, over the last decade or so, Canada has generally ranked second every year behind Kazakhstan for uranium production]
Total Global Uranium Demand
There’s several ways to express demand and consumption requirements for uranium
Some of those include:
Total Global Uranium Demand
The current global demand for uranium is about 67,000 tU/yr (tonnes uranium per year) (world-nuclear.org)
Total Global Uranium Demand As A % Of Production
world-nuclear.org lists the global production numbers of uranium per year, and the % that these numbers make up of world demand.
To use one example in 2020: [Total world uranium production was 47,731 tonnes U, and this was 74% of world demand. This would mean world demand was 35,320.94]
Uranium Requirements Of The World’s Power Reactors
Another world-nuclear.org data set indicates:
The world’s power reactors, with combined capacity of about 400 GWe, require some 67,500 tonnes of uranium from mines or elsewhere each year.
While this capacity is being run more productively, with higher capacity factors and reactor power levels, the uranium fuel requirement is increasing, but not necessarily at the same rate.’
Are We Running Out Of Uranium, & Will We Run Out Of Uranium In The Future?
It looks as though we won’t run out of uranium in the short term.
In the medium to long term, there are some factors that look promising in terms of being able to extend the amount of known resources.
Some reports indicate that this could be the case for decades or even centuries to come.
However, ultimately whether or not uranium reserves and supplies become more scarce depends on several factors, including but not limited to:
– Future demand and consumption (especially from reactors)
There’s several factors that might impact uranium requirements and consumption rates at reactors
– Whether or not new exploration takes place and recoverable/extractable resources are discovered
There’s been instances this has been successful in the past for uranium
From world-nuclear.org:
As with other minerals, investment in geological exploration generally results in increased known resources.
Over 2005 and 2006 exploration effort resulted in the world’s known uranium resources increasing by 15% in that two years [and] The world’s known uranium resources increased by at least one-quarter in the last decade due to increased mineral exploration
There is therefore no reason to anticipate any shortage of uranium … for decades or even centuries to come.
– Newly discovered resources being physically accessible, and recoverable at a feasible price
Specifically with newly discovered uranium resources, they need to be physically accessible, and also recoverable at an economically feasible price
As world-nuclear.org mentions: ‘The only meaningful measure of long-term security of supply [of uranium] is the known reserves in the ground capable of being mined’
– Whether or not confirmed reserves stay stable, or whether they start to deplete
Annual reserve charts can be analysed to see if the reserve levels are increasing, are stable, or are decreasing over the medium to long term
Reserve levels that are decreasing over time may mean the resource is depleting as an example
– Whether consumers are willing to pay more to extract uranium resources that are more expensive to extract
The more consumers can pay to extract uranium, the more of it might be available to extract
As an example, uranium in seawater might be feasible to extract at higher prices
From world-nuclear.org:
[The amount of recoverable uranium is] relative to both costs of extraction and market prices.
For example … At ten times the current price, seawater, for example, might become a potential source of vast amounts of uranium [but consumers might have to pay a lot more for this uranium via a significant price rise]
– Whether there’s an improvement in geological knowledge in the future
Combined with increased costs/prices to extract uranium, increases in geological knowledge may significantly increase the amount of recoverable uranium compared to now
From world-nuclear.org:
… any predictions of the future availability of any mineral, including uranium, which are based on current cost and price data, as well as current geological knowledge, are likely to prove extremely conservative
– Whether there are improvements in nuclear power technology
Such as nuclear power reactors
From world-nuclear.org:
[Beyond] investment in geological exploration generally [resulting] in increased known resources [of uranium] … improvements in nuclear power technology … could effectively increase the available resource dramatically.
– Plus, other factors
Factors affecting the supply of resources are discussed further in the world-nuclear.org resource
Why We Might Never Run Out Of Some Mined Resources
We put together this guide which explains why we might never run out of some resources:
We Might Never Run Out Of Mined Resources (Minerals, Metals, Fossil Fuels etc) – Here’s Why
One of the general points we make is that once easily/cheaply extractable deposits of resources like uranium are exhausted, uranium may simply become more expensive as new extraction activities become more costly.
wikipedia.org illustrates this point with this example:
The amount of ultimately recoverable uranium depends strongly on what one would be willing to pay for it.
Uranium is a widely distributed metal with large low-grade deposits that are not currently considered profitable
As of 2015 646,900 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at US$40 per kilogram of uranium, while 7,641,600 tonnes of reserves are recoverable at $260 per kilogram
When Will We Run Out Of Uranium? … How Many Years Worth Of Uranium Do We Have Left?
There might be no definitive answer to this question
Only estimates might be able to be made, and they can change as factors like proven reserve totals, production totals, and consumption totals change year to year.
We’ve included these estimates below
Further exploration of uranium could increase estimates, and, so could better extraction technology as well as increased recovery prices/costs
On the other hand, increased consumption of uranium at power reactors could decrease estimates
One estimate for sea based uranium suggests there could be thousands of years of supply of uranium in the ocean, but, until we can extract uranium from the ocean at an affordable price, this may not be a feasible source of uranium.
New nuclear reactor types and technologies may also have the ability to help extend uranium supplies in the future
Total Uranium Supply Left
Global estimates range from between 80 years up to 230 years, and these estimates have been measured in slightly different ways
From phys.org:
At the current rate of uranium consumption with conventional reactors, the world supply of viable uranium, which is the most common nuclear fuel, will last for 80 years.
From world-nuclear.org:
The world’s present measured resources of uranium (6.1 Mt) in the cost category less than three times present spot prices and used only in conventional reactors, are enough to last for about 90 years.
From scientificamerican.com:
[When adding up] identified uranium resources [and] undiscovered [uranium resources, there’s …] roughly [a] 230-year supply at today’s consumption rate in total …
Total Uranium Supply When Consumption Is Increased
Increasing consumption of uranium at power reactors may drastically decrease uranium resource supply estimates
From phys.org:
Scaling consumption up to 15 TW, the viable uranium supply will last for less than 5 years.
(Viable uranium is the uranium that exists in a high enough ore concentration so that extracting the ore is economically justified.)
Uranium Resources With Further Exploration, Improved Extraction Technology, & Higher Prices
More exploration, better extraction technology, and higher prices increases recoverable resources – potentially up to double the current estimates
From world-nuclear.org:
Further exploration and higher prices will certainly, on the basis of present geological knowledge, yield further resources as present ones are used up.
From scientificamerican.com:
Further exploration and improvements in extraction technology are likely to at least double [the estimate of a 230 year supply at today’s consumption rate for both identified and undiscovered uranium resources] over time
Ocean Based Uranium Supply Estimates, & The Role Of Fast Breeder Reactors In Potentially Increasing Supply
There appears to be a much larger supply of uranium in the Earth’s seawater than on land
Additionally, new reactor technology could also significantly increase this supply estimate
Estimates for the supply of uranium the sea range from 5,700 years, up to 60,000 years
Estimates for how much fast breeder reactors could extend supply are around 300,000 years
However, there’s questions over whether the reactors could practically or feasibly (from an economic perspective) be used at all, let alone at scale
From phys.org:
Theoretically, [an amount of 3.3 ppb, or 4.6 trillion kg of uranium that is estimated to be in the Earth’s seawater] would last for 5,700 years using conventional reactors to supply 15 TW of power.
In fast breeder reactors [a special type of nuclear reactor], which could extend the use of uranium by a factor of 60, the uranium could last for 300,000 years.
However, [some argue] that these reactors’ complexity and cost makes them uncompetitive.
scientificamerican.com indicates that there are two technologies that could extend the uranium supply:
First, the extraction of uranium from seawater would make available 4.5 billion metric tons of uranium—a 60,000-year supply at present rates.
Second, fuel-recycling fast-breeder reactors … could match today’s nuclear output for 30,000 years …
[… Neither is economical now, but both could be in the future if the price of uranium increases substantially]
Uranium Shortages
There’s differing reports on potential uranium shortages – some indicate shortages aren’t an issue, whilst others raise potential concerns.
On one hand, in 2020, forbes.com pointed out ‘There is not now, nor has there even been a shortage of uranium.’
On the other hand, stockhead.com.au potentially suggests uranium supply is falling well behind demand, and could continue to do so into the future.
A deeper analysis of uranium shortages is outside the scope of this guide.
Further research will be required on this issue.
What Happens If We Run Out Of Uranium?
Running out of any resource may impact things such as:
– The availability of that resource for the key things we use it for across society.
Specifically for uranium, the use of uranium in applications like energy generation in reactors
– The price of that resource as it becomes more scarce, and consequently, the affordability of the things we use that resource for
The price of resources increasing as reserves are depleted is something we mentioned in our guide about why we may not run out of mined resources anytime soon.
Is Uranium A Renewable Resource?
Uranium is not considered renewable
Uranium is considered finite, and we use it at rates that are higher than the rate it forms in nature.
However, there’s several ways uranium might be used more sustainably as a resource.
Managing Uranium Resources More Sustainably
There might be a range of ways to manage uranium more sustainably, including but not limited to:
– Reducing consumption and demand for uranium
– Using uranium more efficiently in reactors and as fuel
– Re-using depleted or spent uranium
– Recycling uranium
– Substituting uranium as an energy source where possible
These options and others might place less of a burden on extracting new uranium in the future.
Although, some might question how practical or feasible some of these options are.
Reducing Uranium Consumption, & Using Uranium More Efficiently
world-nuclear.org indicates that there’s several ways uranium consumption might be reduced for fuel, or uranium might be used more efficiently, such as (paraphrased):
Reducing tails assay in enrichment
Reprocessing of used fuel from some reactors
Plus, other more efficient reactor plant operation practices
In a separate report, scientificamerican.com outlines other ways uranium requirements could be reduced when used for reactor fuel
Recycling & Re-Using Uranium
Current Recycling Of Uranium
Leftover nuclear waste (i.e. depleted uranium) can be recycled to save primary supply
Recycled uranium and plutonium … currently saves about 2000 tU per year of primary supply (world-nuclear.org)
Re-Using Depleted Uranium
Re-enrichment of depleted uranium is one way uranium might be utilized as a secondary source
Extending The Existing Uranium Supply
Beyond other practices mentioned in this guide, such as using uranium more efficiently, reducing uranium consumption requirements at reactors, recycling or re-using uranium based fuels, and so on … there might be ways to extend uranium supplies in the future.
According to scientificamerican.com, these new methods and technologies are (paraphrased):
– The extraction of uranium from seawater
– And, fuel-recycling fast breeder reactors
Potential Substitutes For Uranium
For Reactors
Thorium may have potential to be a substitute fuel for uranium in some types of reactors, although, there might be questions over it’s commercial use now and in the future
From world-nuclear.org:
‘Today uranium is the only fuel supplied for nuclear reactors [however] thorium can also be utilised as a fuel for [certain types of reactors, and thorium might be up to] three times as abundant in the Earth’s crust as uranium’
[Currently, thorium is not in] commercial use
Other Methods Of Energy Generation
There’s several other types of energy generation that might be used instead of nuclear energy generation.
Traditional fossil fuels, hydrogen, and renewables (solar, wind, hydro, etc) are a few examples.
Will We Run Out Of Nuclear Fuel?
Nuclear fuel is the fuel used in nuclear power stations to produce heat to power turbines
world-nuclear.org indicates that ‘Uranium is the main fuel used for nuclear reactors …’
energyeducation.ca indicates that ‘… the most common nuclear fuels are the radioactive metals uranium-235 and plutonium-239’.
Information on how much uranium is left can be found in the guide above.
We currently do not have a guide on the remaining plutonium resources in the world.
What’s also worth mentioning is that in addition to potential substitutes for uranium listed in the guide above, and also potential methods and technologies for extending uranium supplies, there may be additional ways in the future to produce different types of nuclear fuel.
investingnews.com for example mentions that this could be the case with some types of waste:
The production of rare earth oxides creates radioactive waste in the form of thorium … [and] science [might develop a way] to use the material as nuclear fuel, either in next generation nuclear facilities, or as a substitute to uranium
Sources
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_reserves
2. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264781/countries-with-the-largest-uranium-reserves/
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5. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/mining-of-uranium/uranium-mining-overview.aspx
6. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/uranium-resources.aspx
7. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-long-will-global-uranium-deposits-last/
8. https://stockhead.com.au/resources/uranium-supply-is-falling-well-behind-demand-these-asx-stocks-are-rushing-to-fill-the-hole/
9. https://www.forbes.com/sites/llewellynking/2020/06/08/uranium-supply-isnt-the-crisis-in-the-nuclear-industry/?sh=3276be114f48
10. https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-successfully-extracted-uranium-directly-ocean-water-nuclear-yellowcake-energy
11. https://phys.org/news/2011-05-nuclear-power-world-energy.html
12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_uranium
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14. https://www.zeusresources.com/uranium-and-its-applications/
15. https://www.world-nuclear.org/nuclear-essentials/how-is-uranium-made-into-nuclear-fuel.aspx
16. https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Nuclear_fuel
17. https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/critical-metals-investing/rare-earth-investing/thorium-rare-earth-liability-or-asset/
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