Below is a collection of information and statistics that might help summarise the past trends, present use, and potential future of renewable energy.
Summary – The Past, Present & Potential Future Of Renewable Energy
Current Predominant Global Energy Sources
In multiple major countries across the world, fossil fuels make up the largest % share of the energy mix
Additionally, fossil fuels are still responsible for providing energy across major sectors such as electricity generation, heating and cooling, and also transport.
Renewable energy is responsible for a much greater % share in electricity generation right now though than it is in heating and cooling, and also transport (where it makes up a much smaller % share)
(It’s worth noting that the phrase ‘energy’ tends to include energy for heating and cooling, and transport, where as the phrase ‘electricity’ tends to be be energy just in the electricity sector itself)
Installed Capacity Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy capacity might currently make up about a third of global installed power capacity
A lot of new installed capacity might be comprised of renewable energy
Of the current global renewable generation capacity, majority might be hydropower, followed by wind in second, and solar in third
China is the current leader for renewable energy installed capacity across several metrics
Production Of Renewable Energy
Renewable energy production has increased significantly from the 1960’s to the present time
However, currently, renewable energy still makes up a minority of global electricity production compared to fossil fuels
Hydropower might make up majority of renewable energy production, with wind power in second
Consumption Of Renewable Energy
Most of the world’s current energy consumption is from fossil fuels and not renewable energy
Total renewable energy consumption appears to have grown in recent decades
Hydropower might currently make up the most renewable energy consumption of all renewable energy sources, with wind in second, and solar in third
China is the leader amongst several major renewable energy consumption metrics
Countries & Cities That Produce & Use The Most Renewable Energy
Cities currently use a higher % of renewable electricity than countries, and there’s currently over 100 cities in the world getting 70% or more of their electricity from renewable energy
Hydropower is the most commonly used energy source by cities, but solar, wind and bioenergy are some other major energy sources for cities
There’s also currently a range of countries that use either 90%+, or even 100% renewable energy for their electricity
Many countries and cities now have a commitment or aim to get to 100% renewable energy for electricity
Different cities and regions within a country can vary from the national trend in terms of renewable energy use
Investment In Renewable Energy
Investment in renewable energy has grown significantly since around 2004, and has generally increased in recent decades
Solar PV and wind energy may be the two renewable energy sources that have received the most investment in recent years
China is the leading investor in renewable energy amongst all countries
Potential Future Of Renewable Energy
There’s projected to be strong growth in renewable energy capacity in the future according to some reports
Solar PV in particular might experience some of the strongest growth of all renewable energy sources in the future, with wind energy being another
Bioenergy may see some notable growth in some countries too
Some studies indicate that solar, wind, and hydro power might be the three key renewable energy sources of the future
There may be both some key drivers, and some key challenges that help or impede the growth of renewable energy in the future. We identify both in the guide below
Which Energy Sources Are Currently The Predominant Global Energy Sources?
Energy Mix Of Major Countries Across The World
As one example, China still uses coal for the majority of their energy in their energy mix (even though they are the leading country in renewable energy investment, installed capacity, production and consumption across many measures)
Energy Use In The Major Sectors Globally
Renewable energy still makes up a much lower % share than fossil fuels across some of the major sectors globally.
Fossil fuels still provide the majority of energy for:
– Electricity generation
– Heating and cooling
– Transport
From vox.com:
… renewables are 26 percent of global electricity … less than 10 percent (renewable electricity less than 2 percent) of heating and cooling and just 3.3 percent (renewable electricity only 0.3 percent) of transportation energy
Heating and cooling, at 51 percent of global energy use, mostly run on natural gas and oil.
Transportation, at 32 percent of global energy use, mostly runs on gasoline and diesel.
Paraphrased, swecourbaninsight.com also mentions that transport mainly uses petrol and diesel, and heating mainly uses oil and natural gas boilers (in buildings)
Current Installed Capacity Of Renewable Energy
A summary of the installed capacity data below might be:
– Renewable energy capacity might currently make up about a third of global installed power capacity
– A lot of new installed capacity might be comprised of renewable energy
– Of the current global renewable generation capacity, majority might be hydropower, followed by wind in second, and solar in third
– China is the current leader for renewable energy installed capacity across several metrics
– Solar PV installed capacity might currently far exceed solar thermal installed capacity
– Onshore wind energy installed capacity might currently far exceed offshore wind energy installed capacity
Total Global Installed Capacity Of Renewable Energy
At the end of 2018, global renewable generation capacity amounted to 2,351 GW (irena.org)
% Of Global Installed Power Capacity That Renewable Energy Makes Up
[Renewable energy capacity] makes up more than one-third of global installed power capacity [in 2018] (vox.com)
% Share That Each Renewable Energy Source Makes Up Of Total Renewable Energy Installed Capacity
Paraphrased from irena.org, in 2018, of a total 2,351 GW global renewable generation capacity:
[Hydropower made up 50% at 1,172GW] [And, it’s worth noting that there’s a difference between small hydro, and large hydro projects within these figures]
[Wind was 24% at 564 GW]
[Solar was 20% at 480GW]
[Other renewables included 121 GW of bioenergy, 13 GW of geothermal energy and 500 MW of marine energy (tide, wave and ocean energy).]
Countries & Groups With The Highest Installed Capacity Of Renewable Energy
Paraphrased from vox.com, in 2018, the countries and groups of countries with the highest installed capacities of renewable power were:
[China was the leader at 404GW]
[The EU-28 group of countries was second at 339GW, followed by the US at 180GW, and Germany at 113GW]
[These %’s appear to omit hydropower though]
Paraphrased from nsenergybusiness.com, in 2016, the countries with the highest renewable energy capacity were:
[China at 545.25GW]
[The US was second at 214.7GW, and Brazil third at 122.9GW]
Trends In Global New Installed Electricity Capacity – What % Of All New Global Electricity Capacity Is Renewable Energy?
As of 2015, more than half of all new [global] electricity capacity installed was renewable (wikipedia.org)
Solar PV vs Solar CSP Installed Capacity
In 2018, global Solar PV installed capacity was 480,357 MW, and Solar CSP was 5,469 MW (irena.org)
Onshore Wind Energy vs Offshore Wind Energy Installed Capacity
In 2021, of the total 830 GW of wind capacity installed, 93% were onshore systems, with the remaining 7% offshore wind farms
A Note About Installed Capacity
Installed capacity doesn’t always mean that the energy generated ends up being used/consumed in the power grid.
Some generated power can be lost before it is transferred to the main power grid if there isn’t adequate transmission infrastructure and technology set up.
There’s also exported energy to consider – generated energy can be exported to another region or country instead of being used domestically.
So, consumed energy might be a more accurate reflection of how effectively renewable energy is being generated and used.
Current Renewable Energy Production
A summary of the production data below might be:
– Renewable energy production has increased significantly from the 1960’s to the present time
– However, currently, renewable energy still makes up a minority of global electricity production compared to fossil fuels
– Hydropower might make up majority of renewable energy production, with wind power in second
– Solar PV electricity generation might have exceeded Solar CSP energy electricity generation in the past
– Onshore wind energy electricity generation might have exceeded offshore wind energy electricity generation in the past
Renewable Energy Production Over Time
Globally, the world produced approximately 5877.19 TWh of modern renewable energy in 2016 [ … and] This represents a 5 to 6-fold increase since the 1960s (ourworldindata.org)
% Share That Renewable Energy Makes Up Of Global Electricity Production
[As of 2018, renewable energy makes up 26.2% of global electricity produced] (vox.com)
% Share That Each Renewable Energy Source Makes Up Of All Renewable Energy Electricity Production
Paraphrased from vox.com, of the above 26.2% global electricity production figure, the different renewable energy sources make up these %’s (that add up to 26.2%):
[Hydropower leads at 15.8%]
[This is followed by Wind at 5.5%, Solar PV at 2.4%, Bio Power at 2.2%, and Geothermal, CSP & Ocean Power at 0.4%]
Countries That Produce Most Of Their Electricity With Renewable Energy
We’ve included information from wikipedia.org about countries that produce 90% or more of their electricity from renewable energy further below in this guide
Solar PV vs Solar CSP Electricity Generation
In 2016, Solar PV electricity generation was 317,613 GWh, and Solar CSP was 11,037 GWh (irena.org)
Onshore Wind Energy vs Offshore Wind Energy Electricity Generation
From irena.org:
[In 2016] Onshore wind energy was responsible for 916,313 GWh of electricity generation
[In 2016] Offshore wind energy was responsible for 41,596 GWh of electricity generation irena.org
[Onshore wind energy has far exceeded offshore wind energy electricity generation, even stretching back to 2010]
Countries That Generate The Most Power From Hydropower
At the end of 2015, the leading hydropower generating countries were China, the US, Brazil, Canada, India and Russia (worldenergy.org)
Countries That Produce The Most Biofuel
Paraphrased from ourworldindata.org, in 2016, the countries that had the highest total biofuel production, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh), were:
[The United States at 9572.24 TWh]
[Brazil was in second]
Solar Energy vs Wind Energy Electricity Generation Specifically In The US
weforum.org has a graph that shows solar energy vs wind energy generation in the US from 1990 to 2020
Wind energy electricity generation has always exceeded solar energy electricity generation throughout that time, and still exceeds it in 2020
Current Renewable Energy Consumption
A summary of the consumption data below might be:
– Most of the world’s current energy consumption is from fossil fuels and not renewable energy
– Total renewable energy consumption appears to have grown in recent decades
– Hydropower might currently make up the most renewable energy consumption of all renewable energy sources, with wind in second, and solar in third
– China is the leader amongst several major renewable energy consumption metrics
What % Share Renewable Energy Makes Up Of Global Energy Consumption
From vox.com:
As of 2017, fossil fuels were still providing [79.7%] of humanity’s [final] energy [consumption], which is roughly what they’ve been providing for decades …
[Modern Renewables were at 10.6%, Traditional Biomass at 7.5%, and Nuclear at 2.2%]
Renewable Energy Consumption Trends Over Time
Between 2010 and 2014, renewable energy consumption of the top countries has effectively doubled from 168 million tons to 316 million tons of oil equivalent (worldatlas.com)
% Share That Different Energy Sources Make Up Of Total Energy Consumption
Paraphrased from ourworldindata.org, in 2016, the renewable energy sources that make up the greatest share of total renewable energy consumption (measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year) were:
[Hydropower at 4,022.94TWh]
[Followed by Wind at 959.53TWh, Solar at 333.05TWh, and Other renewables at 561.67TWh]
Countries That Consume The Most Renewable Energy
Paraphrased from statista.com, the countries that consumed the most renewable energy in 2018 (in million metric tons of oil equivalent) were:
[China was the leader at 143.5]
[Followed by the US in second at 103.8, and Germany third at 47.3]
Countries That Consume The Most Solar Energy
Paraphrased from ourworldindata.org, in 2016, the countries that had the highest solar energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh), were:
[China at 66.2 TWh]
[The US was second at 56.79 TWh]
Countries That Consume The Most Wind Energy
Paraphrased from ourworldindata.org, in 2016, the countries that had the highest wind energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh), were:
[China at 241 TWh]
[The US was second at 228 TWh]
Countries That Consume The Most Hydropower
Paraphrased from ourworldindata.org, in 2016, the countries that had the highest hydropower consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh), were:
[China at 1162.77TWh]
[Canada was in second at 388.24]
China has some of the largest hydroelectric dams in the world, and the second-largest hydropower dam [is the] the Itaipu dam in Brazil and Paraguay.
Countries & Cities That Produce & Use The Most Renewable Energy For Electricity
A summary of the data below might be:
– Cities currently use a higher % of renewable electricity than countries
– There’s currently a range of countries that use either 90%+, or even 100% renewable energy for their electricity
– There’s currently a range of countries that are committed to, or are aiming to get to 100% renewable energy for their electricity
– There’s currently over 100 cities in the world getting 70% or more of their electricity from renewable energy
– Hydropower is the most commonly used energy source by cities, but solar, wind and bioenergy are some other major energy sources for cities
– Different cities and regions within a country can vary from the national trend in terms of renewable energy use
City vs Country Renewable Energy Use
From vox.com:
[Cities] use a higher percentage of renewable electricity than countries.
According to cdp.net, cities are might be an important focus because they ‘are responsible for 70% of energy-related CO2 emissions … [and have 50% of the world’s population, generate 80% of the world’s GDP and two-thirds of the world’s energy is consumed by cities]
Countries That Produce 100%, Or, At Least 90% Of Their Electricity With Renewable Energy
wikipedia.org lists the countries that produced 100%, or at least 90% or more of their electricity from renewable energy sources in 2016. Paraphrased, those countries are:
[Albania, the Democratic Republic Of The Congo, Iceland and Paraguay are were all at 100%]
[The remaining countries over 90% were Namibia at 99.3%, Costa Rica at 97.7%, Tajikistan at 97.5%, Norway at 97.2%, Uruguay at 96.5%, Zambia at 95%, Ethiopia at 93.6%, and Kenya at 90.7%]
You can see the other countries that generate the most renewable energy electricity (as a % of total electricity energy mix) at wikipedia.org
Countries With The Most Cities & Regions Aiming For, Or That Have Committed To 100% Renewable Energy
The US (at 98), and Germany (at 71), lead the world in cities and regions that are aiming for 100 percent renewable energy (cleanenergywire.org)
From cdp.net:
In the United States, 58 cities and towns have now committed to transition to 100% clean …
Over 80 UK towns and cities [have committed] to run on 100% clean energy by 2050 …
Cities Powered 100% By Renewable Energy
Examples of cities powered 100% by renewables for electricity are Burlington (USA), Reykjavik (Iceland), and Basel (Switzerland) (originenergy.com.au)
The energy mix of a city is one of the factors that contributes to how sustainable or green a city is.
How Many Cities Get 90% To 100% Of Their Electricity From Renewable Energy
From vox.com:
… there are at least 100 cities around the world using between 90 and 100 percent renewable electricity.
As of January 2018, 42 cities were getting at least 100% of their electricity from renewable energy sources according to CDP.net’s interactive map
How Many Cities Get At Least 70% Of Their Electricity From Renewable Energy
cdp.net mentions that (paraphrased) out of 620+ global cities that reported to cdp.net, over 100 cities now get at least 70% of their electricity from renewable sources such as hydro, geothermal, solar and wind.
As of January 2018, 42 cities were getting at least 100% of their electricity from renewable energy sources, and 59 cities were at at least 70% according to CDP.net’s interactive map
Omitted from the CDP’s analysis are a few smaller American towns that lean entirely on renewables including Rock Port, Missouri (100 percent wind), Greensburg, Kansas (wind, solar, geothermal) and Kodiak, Alaska (wind and hydro) (mnn.com)
Which Cities Get At Least 70% Of Their Electricity From Renewable Energy
cdp.net lists the cities (over 100 of them) that get at least 70% of their electricity from renewable sources
You can view a full interactive map of these countries and other countries using renewable energy sources at cdp.net
The cdp.net map shows that in just the period of 2015 to 2018, the number of cities getting at least 50%, 70% or 100% of their electricity from renewable energy sources has increased significantly
How Many Cities Are Getting At Least 50% Of Their Electricity From Renewable Energy
As of January 2018, 22 cities were getting at least 50% of their electricity from renewable energy according to CDP.net’s interactive map
Which Renewable Energy Sources Are Most Commonly Being Used For Electricity By Cities
From mnn.com:
… [of the CDP reported cities … ] a total of 275 global cities are now using hydropower
[The other energy sources are – 189 are tapping into wind power … 184 have embraced solar photovoltaic panels … Sixty-five cities harness geothermal energy while 164 generate clean energy using biomass.]
US Cities, Counties & States Committed To, Or That Have Already Transitioned To 100% Renewable Energy
A list/map of US cities, counties and states in the US that are committed to a 100% clean, renewable energy transition, or already are powered by 100% clean, renewable energy can be found at sierraclub.org
Renewable Energy Use Can Differ Between Different Regions Within In A Country
More Information On Countries, Cities, & Towns Powered By Renewable Energy
There is a list of cities, towns and countries that are using either 100% or 90%+ of renewable energy for their electricity at wikipedia.org
Where Are Some Of The Largest Solar Farms Globally?
You can view lists of the largest solar PV and solar thermal power stations in the wikipedia.org resources listed in the sources list at the bottom of this guide
In 2018, China, Europe, the US, Japan and Germany had the highest installed capacities of Solar PV in MW (wikipedia.org)
In 2016, Spain and the US easily had the highest installed capacities of Solar CSP in MW (wikipedia.org)
Where Are Some Of The Largest Wind Farms Globally?
You can view lists of the largest onshore, and also offshore wind farms in the wikipedia.org resources listed in the ‘Sources’ list at the bottom of this guide
China, the US and India have some of the largest current onshore wind farms.
Europe (UK and Germany, amongst others countries) and Asia (China mainly) have some of the largest current offshore wind farms.
Investment In Renewable Energy
Investment data below might mainly refers to equipment and infrastructure, and not research and development.
A summary of the investment data below might be:
– Total investment in renewable energy has been significant over the last few decades, and it’s growth significantly since 2004
– There’s various factors that can impact investment in renewables in a given year, or over a multi year period
– China leads all countries in the world by a significant margin when it comes to renewable energy investment (across several metrics)
– Solar energy and wind energy are the two renewable energy sources that have received the most investment money in recent years
– Total investment in renewable energy may be slightly less than subsidies for fossil fuels in a given year
Recent Renewable Energy Investment Trends
From 2004 to 2010, investment in renewables increased significantly from 47 billion USD to just under 250 billion
2010 to 2017 saw increased investment again, but the increase is slower comparatively from 237 billion USD in 2010, to just over 300 billion in 2017
From ourworldindata.org:
In 2004, the world invested 47 billion USD [in renewables]. By 2015, this had increased to 286 billion USD
There’s a good breakdown of global investment in renewables up to 2017 available at iea.org
There’s also a good 2018 breakdown at about.bnef.com
Factors That Can Impact Investment In Renewables
From about.bnef.com:
[Declining renewable energy capital and equipment cost can lead to a decrease total annual money invested as the cost to invest becomes cheaper]
[Policy change in China led to] Chinese solar investment plunging 53% to $40.4 billion in 2018
[Expiring tax credit incentives can lead to renewable investments being higher one year than the next]
Countries That Invest The Most In Renewable Energy
– As A % Of Global Investment
chinadaily.com.cn indicates that in 2017:
China [lead] renewable energy investment … [at] 45 percent of global investment …
– In USD
chinadaily.com.cn indicates that in 2017:
China [lead] renewable energy investment … [at] $126.6 billion [with … the] United States [in second at] $40.5 Billion
ourworldindata.org indicates that in 2015 (paraphrased):
[China invested the most USD in renewable technology at 102.9 billion USD, with Europe in second at 48.76 billion USD.]
[Some of the world leaders in offshore wind investment are the UK, Germany and soon China] (about.bnef.com)
– As A % Of GDP
Most countries in the world invest less than 1% of their GDP right now in renewables
ourworldindata.org indicates that in 2015 (paraphrased):
[Chile and South Africa invested the most in renewable energy in terms of % of GDP at 1.4%, with China in second at 0.9%]
Renewable Energy Sources Receiving The Most Investment
ourworldindata.org indicates that in 2016 (paraphrased):
[Solar and wind received the most investment of all renewable energy sources at 113.7 Billion USD and 112.5 Billion USD respectively]
[Following behind solar and wind were Biomass & Waste To Energy at 6.8 Billion, Liquid Biofuels at 2.2 Billion, Small Hydro at 3.5 Billion, and Geothermal at 2.7 Billion]
[Biomass and bioenergy investment has declined over the last decade]
[Large hydro wasn’t] included in these figures
There might be fluctuation and uncertainty around annual investment/funding, and also planning and construction specifically for large and mega sized hydro projects
Growth and added capacity of hydro energy can be dependent on this.
Total Investment In Renewable Energy vs Total Fossil Fuel Subsidies
From vox.com:
Globally, subsidies to fossil fuels were up 11 percent between 2016 and 2017, reaching $300 billion a year
… total investment in renewable energy (not including hydropower) was $288.9 billion in 2018 [and this is] less than fossil fuel subsidies …
Potential Future Of Renewable Energy
iea.org has a report where they outline some future projections for renewable energy
Some of our paraphrased notes from that report are:
Overall, there’s projected to be a significant growth in renewable energy capacity to generate electricity into the future (a projected a 60% total increase between 2020 and 2026)
This growth is higher than the growth of renewable energy capacity in the past, with the amount of added renewable capacity between 2021 to 2026 expected to be 50% higher than from 2015 to 2020
Solar panels and wind turbines (onshore, and offshore) in particular might be two of the renewable energy sources that experience the most growth, with solar PV in particular providing more than half of all new global power capacity
Bioenergy and biofuels may also grow as an energy source behind these energy sources
Stronger support from government policies and more ambitious clean energy goals are identified as two of the strongest drivers for this growth
Rising commodity prices and transport prices for renewables might be some challenges for renewable energy going into the future
Read the iea.org report for more information
Other Notes On Potential Future Of Renewable Energy
– Global vs Individual Countries
What’s worth noting though is that the report above is a global projection
Renewable energy projections may be different for individual countries compared to the global average projection
You can also read more about the energy outlook in major countries like China and the US in these guides:
Energy In China (Energy Outlook)
Energy In The United States (Energy Outlook)
– Future For Variations Of The Individual Types Of Renewable Energy
Beyond just general ‘solar energy’ or ‘wind energy’, it might be worth looking at the future of the variations of these renewable energy sources.
For example, it might be worth looking at the future of:
Onshore wind energy vs offshore wind energy
Solar PV vs solar CSP energy
Other Potential Challenges For The Future Of Renewable Energy
25 Reasons Why We Don’t Use More Renewable Energy Worldwide
Potential Challenges With China’s Transition From Coal, To Natural Gas & Renewable Energy
Sources
1. Various ‘Better Meets Reality’ guides
2. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources#investment-in-renewable-technologies
3. https://www.iea.org/wei2018/
4. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201805/09/WS5af2286ca3105cdcf651cbc5.html
5. https://about.bnef.com/blog/clean-energy-investment-exceeded-300-billion-2018/
6. https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2019/6/18/18681591/renewable-energy-china-solar-pv-jobs
7. https://www.wri.org/blog/2018/12/new-global-co2-emissions-numbers-are-they-re-not-good
8. https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/carbon-dioxide/
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10. https://www.cdp.net/en/cities/world-renewable-energy-cities
11. https://www.originenergy.com.au/blog/lifestyle/did-you-know-there-are-now-more-than-100-cities-mostly-powered-b.html
12. https://www.cdp.net/en//articles/cities/over-100-global-cities-get-majority-of-electricity-from-renewables
13. https://www.cdp.net/en/cities
14. https://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/energy/blogs/cities-that-rely-mostly-only-renewable-energy
15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy
16. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-and-us-top-list-countries-most-regions-and-cities-aiming-100-percent-renewable-energy-irena
17. https://www.sierraclub.org/ready-for-100/commitments
18. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Mar/RE_capacity_highlights_2019.pdf?la=en&hash=BA9D38354390B001DC0CC9BE03EEE559C280013F&hash=BA9D38354390B001DC0CC9BE03EEE559C280013F
19. https://ourworldindata.org/renewable-energy#modern-renewable-energy-consumption-by-source
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24. https://www.irena.org/bioenergy
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27. https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/features/top-renewable-energy-producing-countries/
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30. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms
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33. https://www.irena.org/wind
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37. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photovoltaic_power_stations
38. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_thermal_power_stations
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42. https://www.swecourbaninsight.com/urban-energy/the-limits-to-renewable-energy/
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