Below, we discuss whether renewable energy might make electricity cheaper, or more expensive.
Firstly, we provide what might be a more general answer to this question.
But, we also reference case studies of specific countries around the world, and explain what impact renewable energy might have had on their electricity prices
Summary – Does Renewable Energy Make Electricity Cheaper, Or More Expensive?
Factors That Impact Electricity Prices vs The % That Each Components Of A Power Bill Makes Up Of The Total Power Bill
Different factors can contribute to electricity prices increasing or decreasing
And, different components make up different %’s of the final/total power bill that consumers pay
These two things might be different measurements
Below, we explain and make references to both, but we mainly focus on whether renewables contribute to increased or decreased electricity prices (as opposed to focussing on components, and their % impact)
So, Does Renewable Energy Make Electricity Prices Cheaper, Or More Expensive?
But, it might also be accurate to say that renewable energy is just one of a range of different factors that can impact electricity prices in a specific place, over a specific time period
Sometimes renewable energy might contribute more to electricity price increases, but sometimes other factors may make up a larger % of electricity costs
We go into more detail about this nuance below
Examples Of Countries & Regions Where Renewable Energy Has Contributed To Increased Electricity Prices
There have been instances of renewable energy contributing to increased electricity prices in some countries and regions in the past.
We provide a summary list of those countries and regions below
Examples Of Regions Where Renewable Energy Has Contributed To Decreased Electricity Prices
We outline those regions below
Specifying The Type Of Renewable Energy
Different types of renewable energy may impact electricity prices differently for different reasons
We explain in more detail below
How Does Renewable Energy Impact Electricity Prices Compared To Fossil Fuels & Nuclear?
We provide examples of how each type of energy source might have impacted electricity prices in specific countries or regions in the guide below, as well as providing other potential considerations in answering this question with more accuracy
Changes In The Energy Sector In The Future
Changes in the energy sector in the future could impact how cheap or expensive the electricity is that different energy sources can generate
We list some of these potential changes below
Electricity Prices In Countries That Use The Most & Least Renewable Energy (As A %) For Electricity
Towards the bottom of this guide, we’ve collated information on the countries that use the most and least renewable energy as a % of total electricity generation, and what electricity prices are in these countries.
The results/data might show that a high renewable energy % for electricity generation doesn’t always result in high electricity prices.
Comparison By US State – Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Generation vs Electricity Prices vs Air Pollution Level vs CO2 Levels
We did the same thing with US States
However, additionally, we also included information on air pollution levels and also CO2 levels in these States
We mention California as a State that might have data that is worth looking at in further detail
Comparison By Australia State – Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Generation vs Electricity Prices
We did the same thing with Australian States
*Note About Prices In This Guide
In this guide, we mainly refer to retail electricity prices, and not wholesale, commercial or industrial prices.
Also note, some households have their own solar set up, or other type of renewable energy set up.
This guide considers electricity from the grid only.
Providing power from an individual set up would obviously require a comparison of set up and running costs, feed in credits, taxes, and other factors, compared to obtaining electricity from the grid only.
Factors That Impact Electricity Prices vs The % That Different Components Make Up Of A Total Power Bill
Two things that are different measurements to consider are:
– Different factors can contribute to either an increase or decrease in electricity prices
– And, separately to that, different components can make up different %’s of the final power bill that consumers pay
For example:
It’s possible one of the factors impacting electricity prices (such as renewables) can contribute to increasing electricity prices, but, that same factor might still make up a smaller % of the final power bill that consumers pay compared to other factors/components of that bill
Below, we mainly focus just on whether renewable energy contributes to electricity price changes.
Where different factors impact electricity prices, it’s also worth cross checking what % that factor makes up of the final power bill compared to other components (i.e. factors) of the bill.
So, Does Renewable Energy Make Electricity Prices Cheaper, Or More Expensive?
The following might be accurate about how renewable energy can impact electricity prices:
– Electricity prices can be impacted by a range of different factors at once
Renewable energy may be just one of these factors
From energycouncil.com.au:
Despite the impact of renewable charges on electricity bills it remains one component of many and is not always the cause of higher prices …
– Some factors may impact prices more than others
In some instances, renewable energy may impact prices more than other factors
An example of this might have been in some countries in Europe in the past, where renewables lead to significant electricity price increases, and also, made up a significant % of the electricity prices that consumers paid
In other instances, other factors may make up a larger % of the consumer’s final retail electricity bill
An example of this might have been in some States in Australia in the past, where although renewable energy made up a certain % of the bill, network charges made up the highest % (and a much higher % than renewables) of the final power bill
– The factors that impact prices can change over time
The factors impacting electricity prices, and how much each factor impacts electricity prices, can change over time (such as over the course of a year, or over an entire decade)
So, each geographic region might need it’s own periodic assessment to assess which factors are impact prices, in what %’s, over a specific time period.
Examples Of Countries & Regions Where Renewable Energy Has Contributed To Increased Electricity Prices
In a separate guide, we go into detail about how renewable energy may have contributed to increased electricity prices in some countries and regions in the past.
A summary list of those countries and regions are:
– In the US generally
– In California (in the US) specifically
– In Germany
– In Belgium
– In Denmark
– In Australia generally
To use the European countries as one example from the above list, taxes and levies for renewables and ‘green energy schemes’ seemed to have played a key role in electricity price increases in some of these countries in the past.
Germany was an example of one of these countries, and it appears that in recent years, Germany removed their renewable energy levy/surcharge (according to cleanenergywire.org), in order to make electricity cheaper/more affordable.
This might be further evidence that renewable energy can lead to higher electricity prices.
So, it appears that renewables can in fact contribute to increased electricity prices in some instances.
High levels of renewable energy penetration make electricity expensive around the world … [and not just in one country] (environmentalprogress.org)
Solar and renewables, in some parts of the world, are only cheap when compared to other more expensive forms of electricity [and … ] In some regions, renewable energy and solar energy can be sold for cheaper prices because of the [Renewable Energy Targets] in place, and a host of other subsidies (joannenova.com.au)
Examples Of Regions Where Renewable Energy Has Contributed To Decreased Electricity Prices
In a separate guide, we go into detail about how renewable energy may have contributed to decreased electricity prices in at least one region of the world in the past.
There’s at least one example of renewable energy – specifically wind and solar – reducing electricity prices in South Australia (in Australia).
It’s claimed that in that instance, the price reductions offered from renewables were greater than the subsidies that were paid for them, in addition to wind and solar generally lowering electricity prices where gas was previously keeping prices higher.
However, some reports indicate other low cost energy sources (other than renewables) could also have lowered electricity prices if they were introduced in place of renewables, because the existing gas energy that South Australia was so reliant on was as such a high price (for various reasons, such as a having old, inefficient gas generators)
Essentially, any competition in the energy market from any new lower cost energy source might have lowered prices from the high prices gas was at.
Additionally, in that same guide, we mention how on an Australia wide basis, network charges (the cost of transporting electricity) can make up a much larger % of the final power bill that a consumer pays than renewable energy can.
So, it appears there are instances where renewables can contribute to a reduction in electricity prices, and, renewables don’t always make up the largest % of what the consumer pays in the final power bill.
Using more renewable energy can lower the prices of [natural gas and coal, as well as the demand for natural gas and coal,] by increasing competition and diversifying … energy supplies (ucsusa.org)
Different Types Of Renewable Energy Might Impact Electricity Prices Differently
In a separate guide, we explain how different types of renewable energy might impact electricity prices differently, and provide an explanation for why this might be the case.
To provide two examples of this:
– Solar and wind
In some countries, solar and/or wind specifically (compared to other renewable energy sources) may contribute to increased electricity prices.
There can be several reasons for this, but one key reason can be that solar and wind are variable energy sources, and there can be additional costs for the supporting infrastructure or systems to deliver consistent power in an overall electricity grid and energy system, when using these energy sources.
These costs might be covered by energy policy, taxes and levies, and so on.
[Countries with highest variable solar and wind % tend to have highest electricity prices] (europeanscientist.com)
[The] unreliability requires solar- and/or wind-heavy places like Germany, California, and Denmark to pay neighboring nations or states to take their solar and wind energy when they are producing too much of it (forbes.com)
From joannenova.com.au:
Solar generation cost is estimated at around $70 to $80 per Mwh, but this could be [a low estimation] …
[Solar …] makes … baseload generators more expensive [and might add a cost of] $30/MWh to gas generators … [because these] back up generators [can’t] earn money while solar feeds in [and these generators then] have to charge more to recoup … costs in a shorter working period …
Comparatively, some brown coal power stations in Australia sell electricity for around $30 per Mwh …
But, in the last scenario mentioned above, we note that it’s unclear whether or not these brown coal power stations are newer more expensive power stations, and whether they have carbon capture and air pollution capture devices that add to the cost of coal stations too.
– Hydroelectricity and geothermal
Hydropower and geothermal energy might be lower cost forms of electricity generation compared to solar and wind.
Iceland might be an example of a country where there’s low cost hydropower and geothermal available.
One reason for this might be that, compared to solar and wind, hydro and geothermal might have the ability to deliver a consistent power supply, and don’t require extra equipment and infrastructure to manage variability.
How Does Renewable Energy Impact Electricity Prices Compared To Fossil Fuels & Nuclear?
There might be a range of ways to answer this question.
However, some general points to make when outlining the potential impact of fossil fuels and nuclear on electricity prices, and comparing these energy sources to renewables might be:
– There are instances in some countries in the past, where coal fired power plants might have contributed to cheaper electricity in the past
– There are instances in some regions (such as South Australia) in the past, where gas might have contributed to higher electricity prices
– Some reports indicate that the closure of nuclear stations in some regions (such as California, and Germany) in the past contributed might have contributed to the increase of electricity prices
The same might be true for penalising cheap electricity generation from nuclear (in places like Belgium)
– When looking at how much renewables or fossil fuels increase or decrease electricity prices, it might be worth comparing that figure to the amount of subsidies given to that energy source, and seeing if any cost saving exceeds the subsidies paid for that energy source
For example, we might consider the subsidies paid for renewables, and whether renewables can help reduce electricity prices more than the subsidy cost paid for them (on a per kWh basis)
– Some reports point out the taxes and levies, and subsidies paid for renewable energy, and explain that these things are a cost
However, it might also be important to look at the subsidies given to fossil fuels throughout history, and see how these compare to subsidies given to renewables
Taking Into Consideration Potential Changes In The Energy Sector In The Future
Changes in the energy sector in the future may impact how cheap or expensive it is to produce electricity from different energy sources
A few examples of this might include:
– Fossil fuel electricity generation may become more expensive in some ways
For example, new coal power plants can be more expensive, and certain devices and systems used on coal power plants to manage carbon emissions or air pollution (like carbon capture storage, or air pollution capture devices) can also increase the cost of capital for coal power plants
Additionally, carbon pricing, ‘polluter pays’ penalties, and other factors introduced by the government (via new policy) may increase the cost of producing electricity from fossil fuel power plants and generators
– Some renewable energy technology may become cheaper in various ways
– More off grid renewable energy setups at home, such as home solar setups, may help more home owners generate their own electricity off-grid in the future too instead of having to draw electricity from the grid
There might be financial consequences from this for both home owners, and also the public energy supply
Electricity Prices In Countries That Use The Most & Least Renewable Energy (As A %) For Electricity
Below, we’ve summarised different countries’ renewable energy as a % of electricity production, and their average electricity prices.
This reason we’ve done this is to see if there is some kind of link between renewable energy use for electricity, and electricity prices in different countries.
From these lists, we can see that not all the countries who use the most renewable energy as part of their electricity generation energy source mix have the highest electricity prices, and vice versa for countries that use far less renewable energy for their electricity generation.
But, some countries with higher renewable energy share of electricity generation do have higher than average electricity prices, and some of them very high prices.
There are a number of countries with very low renewable energy shares that have very low electricity prices too.
What this information doesn’t show is how the price of electricity compares to the cost of living, or purchasing power, in each of these countries.
In a separate guide, we outline the countries and regions with some of the highest and lowest electricity prices in the world.
In the figures below:
– Electricity Prices
= average electricity price as of 2019, in terms of US Dollars/cents, per kWh (kilowatt hour) of electricity.
Prices are obtained from globalpetrolprices.com, but also wikipedia where otherwise stated.
Additional prices can be viewed at wikipedia.org
– Renewable Energy %
= renewables as a % of total electricity generation in a given year (most of the stats are from 2016).
%’s are obtained from wikipedia.org
Electricity Prices In Countries That Use 50% Or Higher Renewable Energy For Electricity
Iceland – 100%, 16 (US) cents
Norway – 97.2%, 14 cents
New Zealand – 83.9%, 21 cents
Brazil – 80.4%, 18 cents
Austria – 74.3%, 22 cents
Nepal – 65.5%, 8 cents
Canada – 65%, 11 cents
Denmark – 60.5%, 34 cents
Switzerland – 59.8%, 21 cents
Sweden – 57.1%, 20 cents
Electricity Prices In Countries That Use 20% To 49% Renewable Energy For Electricity
Finland – 44.2%, 19 cents
Spain – 38.1%, 25 cents
Italy – 37.3%, 26 cents
Turkey – 32.9%, 10 cents
Pakistan – 32.7%, 5 cents
Germany – 29%, 35 cents
United Kingdom – 27.9%,
Ireland – 24.7%, 23 cents
China – 24.5%, 8 cents
Argentina – 21.5%, 9 cents
Electricity Prices In Countries That Use 20% Or Lower Renewable Energy For Electricity
France – 17.5%, 19 cents
Russia – 16.9%, 6 cents
India – 16.88%, 8 cents
Belgium – 16.6%, 32 cents
Mexico – 15.3%, 8 cents
Japan – 15%, 29 cents
United States – 14.7%, 14 cents
Australia – 14.5%, 25 cents
Poland – 13.7%, 17 cents
Hungary – 10.1%, 13 cents
Egypt – 8.2%, 3 cents
Ukraine – 5.6%, 5 cents
South Korea – 2.8%, 10 cents
United Arab Emirates – 8 cents
Comparison By US State: Renewable Energy % Used For Electricity Generation vs Average Electricity Price vs CO2 Emissions vs Air Pollution
Indicators We’ve Outlined
Below, we compare the following indicators for each US State:
– What % share of overall electricity generation is renewable energy
– Average electricity price (retail price, in cents per kWh)
– Carbon intensity of electricity production (in terms of grams of CO2 emitted per kWh produced)
– Level of air pollution is (in terms of the amount of small particulate matter in the air)
Potential Importance Of This Information
We already explained above why it might be helpful to compare renewable energy % for electricity generation, to electricity prices.
However, electricity generation is one of the main sectors (along with the transport sector, heating and cooling, agriculture, industrial, and residential sectors) linked to both carbon emissions and air pollution in a particular city or region.
So, information on these indicators might be useful too.
Additionally, in States where renewable energy might be linked to higher electricity prices in a particular State, these States may want to know that the additional cost they are paying for renewable energy is leading to lower CO2 emissions and air pollution levels, as a tradeoffs for the higher electricity prices they are paying.
What We Generally Found
When we break it down to State level from the national level, not all the States in United States who use the most renewable energy as part of their electricity generation energy source mix have the highest electricity prices, and vice versa for States that use far less renewable energy for their electricity generation.
But, some States with higher renewable energy share of electricity generation do have higher than average, or very high electricity prices.
Using California As An Example
California has one of the highest renewable energy % shares for electricity production, but higher than average electricity prices, and poor air quality in several parts of the State (although other sectors and activities might be responsible for the air quality, such as the transport sector)
Having said that, their CO2 emissions from electricity production are lower than average, which means they may be benefiting from lower greenhouse gas emissions
People living in California may want to know how the renewable energy that is being used is impacting electricity prices, but, also how the electricity generation sector and other sectors are impacting emissions and air pollution in the State
Other Notable States From The Data In This Guide
Other States of note might be:
– State With The Highest Renewable Energy Share
Vermont
– States With The Highest CO2 Levels
West Virginia and Kentucky
– State With The Most Expensive Electricity
Hawaii
– State With One Of The Highest Air Pollution Levels (in terms of Particulate Matter exposure)
California
– State With One Of The Lowest Air Pollution Levels (in terms of Particulate Matter exposure)
New Hampshire
Change Over Time
It’s worth noting that greenhouse emissions, air pollution levels, renewable energy share and electricity prices can all change over time.
So, this data might need to be re-checked and confirmed over time as these variables change
% Of Electricity Production That Is Renewable Energy vs Electricity Prices vs CO2 Emissions In Each US State
Below is a list of all US States.
The numbers in the list represent the following metrics:
First Column – Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Production (including hydro) in 2017
Second Column – Average Electricity Price (US cents per kWh) in 2017
Third Column – Carbon Intensity Of Electricity (CO2 Emissions in grams per kWh) in 2016
The following list is paraphrased from information found in the wikipedia.org, and also eia.gov reports:
Vermont – 99.6%, 14.6 US cents, 2 grams of CO2
Idaho – 81.6%, 8.26 cents, 83 CO2
Washington – 80%, 7.94 cents, 83 CO2
Oregon – 76.3%, 8.81 cents, 130 CO2
Maine – 75.9%, 13.02 cents, 130 CO2
South Dakota – 73.1%, 10.05 cents, 226 CO2
California – 47.2%, 16.06 cents, 186 CO2
Montana – 45.1%, 8.92 cents, 578 CO2
Iowa – 38.8%, 8.73 cents, 454 CO2
Kansas – 36.2%, 10.60 cents, 521 CO2
Oklahoma – 36.1%, 8.20 cents, 449 CO2
Alaska – 33.3%, 19.10 cents, 444 CO2
North Dakota – 31.8%, 8.78 cents, 763 CO2
New York – 27.8%, 14.74 cents, 206 CO2
Minnesota – 24.9%, 10.27 cents, 445 CO2
Nevada – 24.8%, 8.76 cents, 349 CO2
Colorado – 23.4%, 9.99 cents, 649 CO2
New Hampshire – 19.9%, 16.17 cents, 124 CO2
Nebraska – 19.3%, 9.08 cents, 581 CO2
New Mexico – 17.7%, 9.59 cents, 699 CO2
Texas – 16.0%, 8.38 cents, 457 CO2
Hawaii – 14.2%, 26.05 cents, 667 CO2
Arizona – 11.8%, 10.64 cents, 408 CO2
Utah – 11.6%, 8.60 cents, 722 CO2
Wyoming – 11.6%, 8.28 cents, 867 CO2
Tennessee – 11.2%, 9.45 cents, 453 CO2
Massachusetts – 10.5%, 17.12 cents, 334 CO2
North Carolina – 10.3%, 9.04 cents, 388 CO2
Maryland – 9.8%, 11.98 cents, 462 CO2
Wisconsin – 9.3%, 10.76 cents, 592 CO2
Alabama – 9.2%, 9.83 cents, 388 CO2
Arkansas – 8.8%, 8.26 cents, 500 CO2
Michigan – 8.3%, 11.28 cents, 492 CO2
Georgia – 7.9%, 9.83 cents, 431 CO2
Rhode Island – 7.2%, 16.42 cents, 394 CO2
Kentucky – 6.9%, 8.57 cents, 904 CO2
Illinois – 6.6%, 9.49 cents, 355 CO2
Virginia – 6.4%, 9.18 cents, 363 CO2
Indiana – 6.0%, 9.77 cents, 822 CO2
South Carolina – 5.9%, 9.97 cents, 284 CO2
West Virginia – 4.60%, 9.00 cents, 906 CO2
Pennsylvania – 4.35%, 10.13 cents, 382 CO2
Missouri – 4.24%, 10.03 cents, 785 CO2
Louisiana – 4.15%, 7.79 cents, 336 CO2
Connecticut – 3.46%, 17.55 cents, 192 CO2
New Jersey – 2.89%, 13.32 cents, 254 CO2
Mississippi – 2.6%, 9.09 cents, 412 CO2
Florida – 2.53%, 10.92 cents, 444 CO2
Ohio – 2.48%, 9.84 cents, 678 CO2
Delaware – 1.68%, 10.91 cents, 414 CO2
Air Pollution By US State
Particulate matter is a major one, but, ozone and nitrogen dioxide are examples of others
With this in mind, it’s good practice to check exactly what the air quality status monitors, or air pollution ratings are tracking.
americashealthrankings.org provides information on the States with the most and the least particulate matter pollution in the air
This information is for 2018, and measures the average exposure of the general public to particulate matter of 2.5 microns (PM2.5) or less in size (3-year average)
Paraphrased:
In order, the 10 States with the least air pollution, were North Dakota (least air pollution), New Hampshire (second least), Wyoming, Vermont, South Dakota, Hawaii, New Mexico, Massachusetts, Maine, and Colorado (10th least)
In order, the 10 States with the most air pollution, were California (most air pollution), Pennsylvania (second most), Arizona, Illinois, Ohio, Nevada, Indiana, Texas, Georgia, and Delaware (10th most air pollution)
See the americashealthrankings.org for the full list of all States
Other resources on the most and least polluted States and cities in the US are the lung.org resources, and the qz.com and wikipedia.org resources
Comparison By Australian States: Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Generation vs Average Electricity Price
Below, we compare by each Australian State:
– The renewable energy % of electricity production (what share renewables make up of electricity production)
– Average electricity price (retail price, in cents per kWh)
It Australia’s case, renewables seem to be only one component of electricity prices.
There seems to be many other perhaps more significant factors impacting electricity prices in several States.
National energy policy, the cost for poles and wires, and the cost to generate electricity, all seem to be significant factors – but the factors can vary State to State.
Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Production vs Average Electricity Prices In Each Australian State
Below is a list of the Australian States, paraphrased from cleanenergycouncil.org.au, and gobulk.com.au
The list shows:
First Column – Renewable Energy % Of Electricity Production in 2018
Second Column – Average Retail Electricity Price (Australian cents per kWh) in 2018 [note: as of August 2019, 50 AUD cents equals 34 USD cents]
The list is:
Tasmania – 96%, 25.90 AUD cents per kWh (mostly hydro power)
South Australia – 53%, 43.67 AUD cents per kWh
Victoria – 21%, 27.56 AUD cents per kWh
Western Australia – 16%, 28.33 AUD cents per kWh
NSW – 15%, 33.33 AUD cents per kWh
Queensland – 10%, 29.01 AUD cents per kWh
Northern Territory – unknown %, 25.67 AUD cents per kWh
The cleanenergycouncil.org.au’s 2019 report on page 45 outlines what makes up these prices – it’s mainly poles and wires, and the cost to generate electricity, with electricity company costs and environmental costs in third and fourth by a fair distance
Sources
1. Various ‘Better Meets Reality’ guides
2. https://www.finder.com.au/australian-electricity-prices-rising-decade
3. https://www.energycouncil.com.au/analysis/electricity-prices-around-the-world-what-is-the-impact-of-renewable-charges/
4. https://reneweconomy.com.au/does-more-renewable-energy-mean-higher-prices-10310/
5. https://www.globalpetrolprices.com/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo/electricity_prices/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pricing
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production_from_renewable_sources
8. https://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/resources/resources-hub/clean-energy-australia-report
9. https://gobulk.com.au/australian-electricity-prices/
10. https://www.canstarblue.com.au/electricity/electricity-costs-kwh/
11. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jul/09/australias-emissions-reach-the-highest-on-record-driven-by-electricity-sector
12. https://www.allianz.com.au/life-insurance/news/air-pollution-and-health
13. https://assets.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/documents/resources/reports/clean-energy-australia/clean-energy-australia-report-2019.pdf
14. https://www.accc.gov.au/media-release/accc-releases-blueprint-to-reduce-electricity-prices
15. https://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/annual/measure/air/state/ALL
16. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States
17. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/most-polluted-cities.html
18. https://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/sota/city-rankings/cleanest-cities.html
19. https://qz.com/1604654/the-us-cities-with-the-worst-air-pollution-are-in-california/
20. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/
21. https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2018/04/23/if-solar-and-wind-are-so-cheap-why-are-they-making-electricity-more-expensive/#7b8664b01dc6
22. http://joannenova.com.au/2019/04/solar-power-at-70-is-still-twice-the-price-of-brown-coal/
23. https://ourworldindata.org/energy-production-and-changing-energy-sources
24. https://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/renewable-energy/public-benefits-of-renewable-power
25. https://www.europeanscientist.com/en/features/the-belgian-electricity-industry-in-chaos/
26. https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelshellenberger/2019/04/22/unreliable-nature-of-solar-and-wind-makes-electricity-much-more-expensive-major-new-study-finds/#2781e09c4f59
27. http://environmentalprogress.org/big-news/2018/2/12/electricity-prices-rose-three-times-more-in-california-than-in-rest-of-us-in-2017
28. https://www.cleanenergywire.org/news/germany-stops-renewables-funding-power-bills-make-electricity-cheaper
','' ); } ?>